Career Options for Archaeology Degrees

Vocation Options for Archeology Degrees What are my profession decisions in prehistoric studies? There are a few degrees of being a prehistorian, and where you are at in your vocation is identified with the degree of instruction you have and the experience you’ve got. There are two normal kinds of archeologists: those based at colleges, and those based at social asset the executives (CRM) firms, firms that direct archeological examinations related with government development ventures. Other prehistoric studies related occupations are found at National Parks, Museums, and State Historical Societies. Field Technician/Crew Chief/Field Supervisor A field expert is the main paid degree of field experience anybody gets in prehistoric studies. As a field tech, you venture to the far corners of the planet as a specialist, uncovering or directing overview anyplace the occupations are. Like most different sorts of consultants, you are for the most part on your own with regards to medical advantages, however there are advantages to the ‘travel the world on your own’ way of life. You can look for some kind of employment on CRM undertakings or scholarly ventures, yet when all is said in done CRM occupations are paid positions, while the scholastic field employments are now and then volunteer positions or even require educational cost. A Crew Chief and Field Supervisor are Field Technicians who have had enough understanding to acquire extra duties and better compensation. You’ll need at any rate a Bachelors level (BA, BS) higher education in prehistoric studies or human sciences (or be taking a shot at one) to land this position, and unpaid experience from in any event one field school. Venture Archeologist/Manager A venture classicist is the center degree of theâ cultural asset chief employments, who directs unearthings, and composes covers unearthings led. These are lasting occupations, and medical advantages and 401K plans are normal. You can chip away at CRM tasks or scholastic activities, and under ordinary conditions, both are paid positions. A CRM Office Manager directs a few PA/PI positions. You’ll need a Masters Degree (MA/MS) in prehistoric studies or human sciences to land one of these positions, and a few years experience as a field expert is exceptionally useful, to have the option to carry out the responsibility. Head Investigator A Principal Investigator is a Project Archeologist with extra obligations. She leads archeological exploration for a social asset the executives organization, composes proposition, plans spending plans, plans ventures, enlists the group, regulates archeological overview and unearthings, manages research center handling and examination and gets ready as sole or co-writer specialized reports. PIs are ordinarily full-time, stable situations with advantages and some retirement plan. In any case, in exceptional cases, a PI will be employed for a particular task enduring between a couple of months to quite a long while. A propelled degree in human studies or archaic exploration is required (MA/Ph.D.), just as administrative involvement with the Field Supervisor level is likewise required for first time PIs. Scholastic Archeologist The scholastic prehistorian or school educator is likely progressively natural to the vast majority. This individual shows classes on different paleontology, human studies or antiquated history points at a college or school through the school year, and behaviors archeological campaigns throughout the late spring terms. Normally a tenured employee instructs somewhere in the range of two and five courses a semester to understudies, tutor a select number of students/graduate understudies, run field schools, lead archeological hands on work during the summers. Scholarly archeologists can be found in Anthropology Departments, Art History Departments, Ancient History Departments, and Religious Studies Departments. Be that as it may, these are moderately hard to get on the grounds that there arent that numerous colleges with more than one excavator on staff-there are not many Archeology Departments outside of the bigger Canadian colleges. There are Adjunct positions simpler to get, yet they save money and are frequently impermanent. You’ll need a Ph.D. to find a scholarly line of work. SHPO Archeologist A State Historical Preservation Officer (or SHPO Archeologist) recognizes, assesses, enlists, deciphers and secures noteworthy properties, from huge structures to wrecked vessels. The SHPO furnishes networks and conservation associations with an assortment of administrations, preparing and financing openings. It additionally audits designations to the National Register of Historic Places and manages the State Register of Historic Sites. Has an exceptionally huge task to carry out in a given states open archaic exploration exertion, and is frequently in political boiling water. These occupations are lasting and full-time. The SHPO, him/herself, is generally a selected position and may not be in social assets by any means; be that as it may, most SHPO workplaces enlist archeologists or structural students of history to aid the survey procedure. Social Resource Lawyer A social asset legal advisor is a uniquely prepared lawyer who is independently employed or working for a law office. The attorney works with private customers, for example, designers, companies, government, and people regarding an assortment of social asset related issues that may emerge. Those issues incorporate guidelines that must be followed regarding propertyâ development ventures, responsibility for property, treatment of burial grounds situated on the private or government-obtained property, and so forth. A social asset lawyer may likewise be utilized by an administration office to regulate all social asset gives that may emerge, however will presumably involve work in other ecological and land advancement zones too. She may likewise be utilized by a college or graduate school to instruct subjects identified with the law and social assets. A JD from an authorize graduate school is required. A college degree in Anthropology, Archeology, Environmental Science or History is useful, and its useful to take graduate school courses in managerial law, ecological law and case, land law and land use arranging. Lab Director A research center chief is commonly a full-time position at a huge CRM firm or college, with full advantages. The executive is accountable for keeping up antiquity assortments and the investigation and preparing of new astonishingly in out of the field. Regularly, this activity is filled by a prehistorian who has extra preparing as a historical center custodian. Youll need a MA in Archeology or Museum Studies. Examination Librarian Most enormous CRM firms have libraries-both to keep their very own document gives an account of record, and to keep an exploration assortment. Exploration curators are regularly bookkeepers with a degree in library science: involvement in prehistoric studies is ordinarily gainful, however a bit much. GIS Specialist GIS Specialists (Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysts, GIS Technicians) are individuals who process spatial information for an archeological site or locales. They have to utilize programming to deliver maps and digitize information from geographic data administrations in colleges or enormous social asset the executives organizations. These can be low maintenance brief employments to changeless full time, once in a while profited. Since the 1990s, the development of Geographic Information Systems as a profession; and paleohistory has not been delayed in including GIS as a sub-discipline. Youll need a BA, in addition to particular preparing; prehistoric studies foundation accommodating however redundant.

Michelle Obama should be in 2010 Time Magezine Essay

Michelle Obama ought to be in 2010 Time Magezine - Essay Example A great deal of the analysis of Michelle originates from individuals who look to slander her better half. It is all legislative issues. They see Michelle as a sort of radical who upheld dark patriotism in her childhood. These exaggerations are hostile and do a damage to American political talk. In any case, they structure some portion of the foundation commotion that follows Michelle and the Obama organization. There are as yet the individuals who might utilize racial issues to separate us, regardless of the amount Michelle and her significant other have transcended these issues and roused the nation. Michelle has various phenomenal activities to which she commits a lot of time. In acknowledgment of her benevolent work in the interest of these reason she ought to be one of Time Magazine's Most Influential People. Perhaps the greatest achievement has been to help military families. America is at present occupied with two wars. One in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. Both of these contenti ons negatively affect America's battling people. Relatives are away for quite a long time at once ready for deployment, away from their mates and youngsters. They are consistently in hurts way; relatives are continually hanging tight alongside the telephone for the feared call. Their families need support. This is perhaps the best thing that Michelle does. She advances and enables military families and assists with guaranteeing that they to get the regard that they so lavishly merit.

Research Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Design - Essay Example The issues with planning research issues, techniques and studies can be placed into a couple of classifications: Choice of investigation structure, for example, the use of subjective or quantitative information, the nature of the theory at question, good and moral concerns, countering for predisposition and test blunder, and structuring models that permit factors, for example, causation to be unquestionably talked about. Creswell contends that factors ought to be characterized in three classifications: Independent, ward and control (2009, 151). Autonomous factors are those that the scientist can control, subordinate factors are ones that the analyst hopes to be changed, â€Å"dependent† on the free factor. It's essential to take note of that, when research looks at relationships about information, the decision of the autonomous and ward variable can get self-assertive: A causal model must be set up by something beyond announcing which is free and which is needy. On the off cha nce that I am stating that stature and weight are corresponded, I can have tallness be the autonomous variable that prompts changes in the reliant variable of weight or I can do it the other way around: The outcomes and the connections will be indistinguishable. Where the autonomous and ward variable issues are for tests or for circumstances where causality can be contended because of a mind boggling model. On account of a test, the autonomous variable is what is being controlled and the needy variable what is being watched. For this situation, it is difficult to trade them: Offering individuals prescription and checking whether it fixes their headaches with a fake treatment study is somewhat unique in relation to offering individuals headaches and checking whether it delivers a fix. Control factors are, in any mind boggling model, by a wide margin the most significant. This is on the grounds that the best way to control for fakeness is to control for all conceivable bewildering fac tors. There is without a doubt a relationship between's the measure of vagrants and the measure of specialists in a city, yet neither reason the other: The city's size controls for both. Trial structures control by ensuring bunches are indistinguishable, though information investigation controls by ensuring that information focuses are looked at that are indistinguishable inside and out beside the distinction being dissected. A basic report that makes a connection among's instruction and inevitable pay needs to control for, among different components, race, financial status of guardians, abundance of informal organizations, saw nature of school, genuine nature of school, sex, sexual direction and many different variables to be unmistakably important. The structure of the investigation should likewise be resolved to be quantitative, subjective or blended. Creswell (2009) characterizes subjective methodology as â€Å"rely[ing] on content and picture data† and contends that subj ective techniques are ones that can't be handily listed. Note that asking somebody, â€Å"How does this make you feel?† and recording their reaction is subjective while asking â€Å"How does this cause you to feel, from 1 to 9, one being most exceedingly terrible and nine being best†, is quantitative despite the fact that both are getting some information about a similar marvel,

Should Every Able-Bodied Citizen Do Military Service

Should Every Able-Bodied Citizen Do Military Service? Many countries in the world have already abolished mandatory conscription to the military forces, some don’t have armed forces at all, while there are still nations where this conscription is obligatory. Everything depends on the significance of the country on the international level, the influence it has on the other countries, as well as the plans and ambitions of each government. I live in one of the countries where conscription is obligatory and I can but say that the majority of men are not satisfied with this reality. Some of them are not ready physically, others mentally. They are ready to do anything just not to serve in the army. I’ve heard so many stories of how they escaped from this duty that I can definitely say that obligatory conscription doesn’t bring any good but one – it teaches people to use their imagination and acquaintances to stay safe and sound at home. At the same time, there are strong-body and strong-minded people who are ready to do military service for the given period of time, and it doesn’t make them depressed. They know that this service won’t do them any harm and they are ready for it. I am completely sure that they are the ones who have to be conscribed, but for this no obligatory requirements at the country level are necessary. Thus, I believe that only those who feel that military service will do them more harm than good should be conscribed. There is no need of making people suffer and seek the ways to escape their duties. Governments also have to do everything possible in order for people not to be afraid to do military service, that is provide proper living conditions and securing their safety.

Types Of Market Structures And The Success Of A Market

Market structures are very important and understanding the structures can let too smooth operation of an industry. There are many factors that contribute to the success of a market like, buyers, sellers, pricing, and the productivity. Monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, and monopolistic competition are the different types of market structures. Businesses are affected by with structure they operate within and success can vary based on their choice. Structures gives important information that a firm needs to operate because it can be a foundation, or reference to see exactly what areas need improvement. A firm must be wise in their choice of all the different markets before they make their entry. Education of this would lead to best overall choice and possibly the success of the business. Firms sometimes make poor decision because they are not always sure of with market fits their structure and this could lead to failure. Perfect competition is the market structure where there are sellers, and buyers that produce homogeneous products, and free entry and exit out of the industry (Amarcher, pate, 2013). The particular market has the most number of firms making similar products therefore the competition is basically on and level playing field. To be consider a perfect competition the structure must have a large number of firms selling or producing the similar products. The only differences between the firms should be the overall quality of the products that areShow MoreRelatedMcDonalds Market Structure656 Words   |  3 PagesMarket Structure: The organization and characteristics of a specific market where a company operates is referred to as market structure. While markets can basically be classified by their degree of competitiveness and pricing, there are four types of markets i.e. perfect competition, monopolistic competition, monopoly, and oligopoly. 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Formal Definitions Of Public Health Nursing Essay

A. Relevant historical overview, including the earliest reference to public health nursing While there are several formal definitions of the public health nursing, Lillian Wald, who is considered to be one of the first public health nurses in the United States, said that it as â€Å"love in action, and there is no finer manifestation of it than the care of the poor and disabled in the own homes† (Masters, 2014, p.32). In 1983, with the help of her colleague, Mary Brewster, she established a first independent public nursing service called Henry Street Settlement, which later became the Visiting Nurse Association of New York City. It laid the foundation for public health nursing in the United States. Several years later, the need for public health nursing became more evident during the influenza epidemic of 1917 (Masters, 2014). Wald didn’t see public health nursing as simply taking care of sick people at their homes. 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Virtualization and Cloud Computing

Questions: The Department of Spatial Information (DSI) has considered your assessment of the deployment model, risk management and security issues for the Online Spatial Delivery System (OSDS). They have decided that they need an additional assessment on the technical management and the SLA. You have been assigned the task of providing DSI Executive Management with an assessment of the management requirements and the provisions of the SLA for the chosen cloud vendor. You are to: 1. Discuss the requirements for remote administration, resource management and SLA management. It may be useful to consider Morad and Dalbhanjans operational checklists for DSIs OSDS. This section should be no more than two to three pages in length. 2. Discuss briefly how you will consider application resilience, backup and disaster recovery for your chosen provider in relation to OSDS. This section should be no more than two to three pages in length. 3. Use Erls SLA guidelinesto assess the SLA for your chosen provider. This section should be no more than two to three pages in length. 4. Provide a covering one to two page executive summary of these two assessmentsto DSI Executive Management and summarise the major opportunities and risks that have been identified in your assessments. Answers: 1. Introduction: The study comprises of the demonstration and analysis of the remote administration, SLA and resource management. The study also holds the requirements of SLA, resource management, and remote administration. The requirements of each entity are very crucial to setup the cloud computing specifically. The provider installs a portal for establishing a remote administration (Li et al., 2014). Service Level Agreement or SLA refers to the agreement which comprises of the information that both the provider agreed upon in terms of providing service, integrity, and loyalty (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). Hardware, software, deployment model together refers to the resources of a cloud computing service. On the basis of this resources, the flexibility and capability of the consumer's system are calculated (Schiffman et al., 2013). 2. Remote Administration: The basic responsibility of remote administration is to provide approved services. The consumer gets the service not directly through the cloud system rather the installed portal provides the cloud services to the client organization. So from the above statements, it is clear that the remote administration gets installed in between the cloud service and the customer (Erl, PuttiniMahmood, 2013). The primary underlying work of the remote administration is to provide agreed SLA services and resources. The usage and administration portal are the main keys to managing the resource. In addition, those portals are also coming under the category of requirements. Deployment, delivery, remote administration systems interface and the granted level of access control are the things that are required for establishing the remote administration system (Schiffman et al., 2013). 2.1 Requirements: The requirement for successfully installing the remote administration system are described in the following points. As per the demand, release and delivery of IT and other resources. Properly keeping track of performance and status of services. In addition, monitoring the usage is crucial (Sookhak et al., 2015). The client organizations selected delivery and deployment model. The process of choosing the deployment and delivery model is crucial as it can never be changed. Monitoring the QoS or quality of service and service level agreement is also another vital requirement (Schiffman et al., 2013). Choosing the interface that is suitable remote administration system needs. The required interface in terms of the management system (Erl, PuttiniMahmood, 2013). Allowing the agreed access control (Sookhak et al., 2015). 3. Service Level Agreement or SLA: The Service Level Agreement is stored as a document which holds the terms and condition that both the provider and client approved while signing the service initiation (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). It will also provide the opportunity to DSI to change the provider if it feels not satisfied with the provided service. Also, DSI can claim damage. The data identified with accessibility, security, compactness of the information, exercises of deciding the issues, intervention debate procedure and a great deal more will be recorded through the SLA or administration level understanding (Gill, 2015). 3.1 The Service Level Agreement Requirements: What information and activity are exactly required for creating service level agreement are as following. A quality of service or QoS's metric and brink. The continuous and reliable performance of SLS is very essential (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). Adding on-demand video as well as the unified message, services of next generation, in the cloud. The information regarding the divided responsibilities of the client and provider. Control, guaranties, discount, definition, reporting and validation about service decay (Latif et al., 2014). The administration is estimating and marking down approaches to be useful if the SLA people group are not satisfied (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). 4. Resource Management: From the above statements the concept of resources that are used in the cloud services has already been clarified. Now the management is all about increasing or reducing the resources as per the need of the client organizations current business (Sookhak et al., 2015). Suppose, the workload of DSI is very high, and it needs more storage then the provider will allocate more storage hardware to DSI cloud service. 4.1 Resource Management Requirement: The adequate information of selected activities that DSI needs to do through the cloud system. In addition, the information of selected backup and disaster recovery plan (Schiffman et al., 2013). For assigning the required resources, the information of the processes is required. The quality of service that DSI intends to have from the provider. The requirement also depends on upon whether DSI chooses SaS, PaS or SaS (Sookhak et al., 2015). 5. Data Backup with RAID 10: For string, the data as a backup the DSI will go for the RAID 10. It is obvious that being a government department, and the data loss will be a huge issue. So, in any case, DSI must protect its data. In addition, the performance factor is also very crucial in this case. So from the requirements, it is clear that the RAID 1+0 will be the best option for DSI to store its data as backup. RAID 10 has incorporated both the concept mirroring and stripping (ShenShu, 2014). Through mirroring, it saves all the gathered into a separate section so that is the running disk gets damaged then the data stored in the separate disk can be used for retrieving or repeating the storage process. The stripping is the process through which the storage and the retrieving process get quicker (Tadros et al., 2013). In terms of redundancy, the RAID 10 is also very flexible. DSI will need at least fifty storage disks for storing the departments data. The data in the RAID 10 will be stored in chunks and retrieve d as a whole (ShenShu, 2014). 6. Resilience: The continuous development of IT resources into the physical location is called as the Resilience Computing. The resources of the information technology that DSI will use will be pre-configured (JhawarPiuri, 2013). The resources are pre-configured as the activities of the running tasks may be allocated to another redundant IT resources. All the concern regarding the resilience gets involved in the project at the time of planning and scheduling. The resilience also describes the capacity of the system which refers to individual entities of the system. The entities have a connection with the provider's or third party disaster and disaster recovery deliberations (JhawarPiuri, 2013). As the data must also need to be stored for backup and disaster considerations. 7. Disaster Recovery: The disaster recovery planning will be conducted in five consecutive phases. Information Safety needs: The essentials of DSI will be accumulated at this stage. The gathered information will be key in choosing the segments that will empower cloud based data security. The need of protection is essential because the data will travel from DSI to Cloud server through the internet (Aldrich, 2012). Choosing the cloud provider: The provider has been already chosen. Calculating the required capital: The cost of the activities will be given to the organization gave either by month to month enrollment, the measure of VMs, web transmission limit, and storage space (Sahebjamnia, TorabiMansouri, 2015). At the cost estimation time, DSI and provider will focus I the periods were DSI will need to increase and reduce resources. Developing bandwidth management plan: In this movement, the organization of the web information exchange limit regarding the OSDS requirements will be finished (Chandra et al., 2013). The more the transmission capacity, the more the solid and recovering procedure will be. Logistics necessity identification: For performing hard and fast failovers to the cloud DSI will consider a couple of logistics necessities while doing the logistical masterminding. The requirements are powerful registry synchronization and cloud based list organizations (Sahebjamnia, TorabiMansouri, 2015). 8. Service Level Agreement: Cloud service level provider and DSIs service level agreement comprise of various information some have been discussed earlier, and some are stated here. First, the adequate and exact recognition and definition regarding particular constraints that are to be used in the cloud system of DSI. Second, the architecture of the DSI's cloud system (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). The architecture will be the base of the whole system, all the processes, and transaction of information will be carried out based on the designed architecture. Third, defining the privileges regarding retrieving the information from the server. Fourth, creating and defining the rights for administrating the component (Latif et al., 2014). Fifth, the steps to be taken against provider or consumer if they break any regulation. Sixth, the information that both of them agreed upon regarding quality, availability, and integrity (Garg, VersteegBuyya, 2013). The use of the Erls SLA guidelines have done in the following way. Customer based SLA: The provider makes a concurrence with the clients bunch (Colman-Meixner et al. 2015). This affirmation is done between the supplier and additionally fund office for the administrations, taken as an example, money framework, finance framework and additionally a charging framework. Service based SLA: It is conformity for every one of the customers utilizing the administrations that are given by the administration suppliers. Corporate level SLA: It covers every one of the SLA issues that are precise to each of the clients through the association (Newcombe et al. 2015). Customer level SLA: It covers every one of the SLA issues that are precise to each of the clients through the association (Newcombe et al. 2015). Service level SLA: It covers every one of the SLA issues that are particular to the administrations, for example, client bunches (Janiesch and Niemann, 2012). Observing, and in addition providing details regarding the cloud execution, depends on the experience of the end client capacity with a specific end goal to expend the assets. 9. Conclusion: From the above study, I can be concluded that the concentration of DSI must be on choosing the resources as per their system. The remote administration is the key to managing the various systems authorization to the resources. Resilience refers to the need of the resources regarding the organizations cloud system. SLA will be the key to keeping both the provider and consumer loyal to each other. The data recovery is also important as the information of DSI will be stored in the cloud and it may get removed or corrupted. In that case, data recovery come into use. As DSI will be using the RAID 10, the data will be more secure and the performance of data storing, and recovery will get increased. The disaster and data recovery are not much different from each other but in disaster recovery, DSI will get more safety regarding the information. The adaptability is just the shrouded thought under fortification and catastrophe recovery supplier's structures limit. References: Aldrich, D. P. (2012).Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery. University of Chicago Press. Azevedo, L. G., Diirr, T., Baio, F., Santoro, F. (2014). A Business Model for Managing SOA Initiatives.iSys-Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informao,7(1), 4-33. Chandra, A., Williams, M., Plough, A., Stayton, A., Wells, K. B., Horta, M., Tang, J. (2013). Getting actionable about community resilience: the Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project.American journal of public health,103(7), 1181-1189. Colman-Meixner, C., Develder, C., Tornatore, M., Mukherjee, B. (2015). A Survey on Resiliency Techniques in Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Applications. Erl, T., Puttini, R., Mahmood, Z. (2013).Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), 1012-1023. Gill, S. S. (2015). Autonomic Cloud Computing: Research Perspective.arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.01546. Janiesch, C., Niemann, M. (2012). Supporting USDL by a Governance Framework. InHandbook of Service Description(pp. 415-444). Springer US. Jhawar, R., Piuri, V. (2013). Fault tolerance and resilience in cloud computing environments.Computer and Information Security Handbook,, 125-141. Kruse, D. F. (2014). The repack challenge. InJournal of Physics: Conference Series(Vol. 513, No. 4, p. 042028). IOP Publishing. Latif, R., Abbas, H., Assar, S., Ali, Q. (2014). Cloud computing risk assessment: a systematic literature review. InFuture Information Technology(pp. 285-295). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Li, T., Keahey, K., Sankaran, R., Beckman, P., Raicu, I. (2014). A cloud-based interactive data infrastructure for sensor networks.IEEE/ACM Supercomputing/SC,14, 14-15. Newcombe, C., Rath, T., Zhang, F., Munteanu, B., Brooker, M., Deardeuff, M. (2015). How Amazon web services uses formal methods.Communications of the ACM,58(4), 66-73. Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A., Mansouri, S. A. (2015). Integrated business continuity and disaster recovery planning: Towards organizational resilience.European Journal of Operational Research,242(1), 261-273. Schiffman, J., Sun, Y., Vijayakumar, H., Jaeger, T. (2013). Cloud verifier: Verifiable auditing service for iaas clouds. InServices (SERVICES), 2013 IEEE Ninth World Congress on(pp. 239-246). IEEE. Shen, Z., Shu, J. (2014). Hv code: An all-around mds code to improve efficiency and reliability of raid-6 systems. InDependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2014 44th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on(pp. 550-561). IEEE. Sookhak, M., Gani, A., Talebian, H., Akhunzada, A., Khan, S. U., Buyya, R., Zomaya, A. Y. (2015). Remote data auditing in cloud computing environments: a survey, taxonomy, and open issues.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),47(4), 65. Stankovski, V., Taherizadeh, S., Taylor, I., Jones, A., Mastroianni, C., Becker, B., Suhartanto, H. (2015). Towards an Environment Supporting Resilience, High-Availability, Reproducibility and Reliability for Cloud Applications. In2015 IEEE/ACM 8th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC)(pp. 383-386). IEEE. Tadros, G., Salama, R. A., Kingston, P., Mustafa, N., Johnson, E., Pannell, R., Hashmi, M. (2013). Impact of an integrated rapid response psychiatric liaison team on quality improvement and cost savings: the Birmingham RAID model.The Psychiatrist Online,37(1), 4-10.

United States Penal System Essays - Penology, Criminal Law

United States Penal System The United States Penal System I have visited some of the best and the worst prison and have never seen signs of coddling, but I have seen the terrible results of the boredom and frustration of empty hours and pointless existence. -former United States Supreme Court Justice, Warren Burger In a famous psychological study conducted in 1986, mental health researches held an experiment to see the community, things changed. The rats became stressed out, violent, and developed nervous twitches, as well as eating disorders (Cozzone 8). God Bless America . . . Every year, more people are arrested than the entire combined populations of our 13 least populous states. America incarcerates five times as many people per capita as Canada and 7 times as many as most European democracies. America spends approximately 100 billion dollars a year on the criminal justice system, up from 12 billion in 1972. --Bureau of Justice Statistics Many prominent government officials, government agencies, and non-profit organizations acknowledge that there is a serious problem with our penal system. There are many reasons and many possible solutions. Today, we will explore some possible solutions. Prison inmates are some of the most maladjusted people in society. Most inmates have had either too much discipline or not enough. They usually come from broken homes and have low self-esteem. Inmates are very insecure, causing them to be at war with themselves as well as with society (Szumski 20). Most inmates have not learned to follow everyday norms or strong moral values. Some believe, as do I, that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just lock them up. For instance, we could develop programs that give them a chance to acquire job skills and a higher education, which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. To be most effective, the programs must aim to change those who want to change, for those are the people who will change (or have a good chance). Inmates, when taught to be productive, are likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality (Szumski 21). These kinds of programs would provide essential skills, development of healthy habits, and replace the sense of hopelessness (Szumski 21) that many inmates have. Most of America's correctional institutions lack programs of criminal rehabilitation. One can predict that a prisoner, after many years of incarceration without being educated, will have many more disadvantages upon their release back into society. One of the major sociological theories of delinquency is differential association (Doob 169). The idea is that some people have learned their ways from undesirable people who they were forced to associate with and that this association warps their thinking and social attitudes. Differential association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). In addition, sending a deviant person, who has been associated with criminal influences, to prison would just make the problem worse (Fox 61). Group counseling, group interaction, and other kinds of group activities can provide a corrective, positive experience that might help to offset the earlier delinquent association (Bennett 25). One technique used to rehabilitate criminals is counseling. In general, there are two types of counseling, individual and group counseling. The aim of group counseling is to develop positive peer pressure that will influence its members. According to Lawrence Bennett, group problem solving has definite advantages over individual problem solving. One advantage is that a variety of solutions can be derived from the experiences of several people from different backgrounds. For instance, a group member might have already solved a problem that another member is experiencing and can offer valuable advice and solutions. Often, if a peer proposes a solution it carries more weight than if the counselor were to suggest it (Bennett 20-24). Ultimately, for the group to work it takes a dedicated counselor and dedicated group members (those with the desire to change) (Bennett 22). Another technique used to rehabilitate criminals is a type of correctional center called a halfway house. The name comes from the fact that they are halfway between the community and the prison (Fox 60). The aim is to keep offenders

History of U.S. Presidents essays

History of U.S. Presidents essays All together, to date, there has been 42 Presidents. There seemed to be three main eras of presidency: forming our country, perfecting the way we run it, and advancing ourselves, globally and nationally. It all began with George Washington. He is considered to be the founding father of our nation by many people. He was born in 1732 in Virginia, and died in 1799. He was 56 years old when elected in 1789. At first, George was reluctant to take on the task of being President. Before he left for his inauguration, he wrote, About ten oclock I bade adieu to Mt. Vernon, to private life, and to domestic felicity, and with a mind oppressed with more anxious and painful sensations than I care to express, set out for New York. With this statement, Washington is saying that he knows it will be a hard road to travel, and that he will no longer be able to enjoy the right to secrecy, that all he does will be known, yet he still took the job. Washington took the oath of office on April 30th, 1789. Before being a president, he had been a plantation manager and a soldier. He had no real experience in government. Early in Washingtons Presidency, he was careful and deliberate in his actions, and was aware for the need to build a structure that would help future presidents. At the end of his first term, he was reelected in 1792. During the war between England and France, Washington chose to be neutral to the matter. Washington left office in 1797, when John Adams took over. This begins the first stage of my report, forming our country. To form our country, we first needed a strong economy, and to do that, we needed a good financial system. When Washington left office, this was already well in place. During Adams presidency, he had many problems with international relationships. The French/British war was still going on, and America was being pulled between sides. Unfortunately, being ...

World view chart writing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World view chart writing - Assignment Example There are many categories within a religion that reflect its peculiar position on various aspects of the world. This paper will analyze Islam and its views on salvation in particular, drawing connections to other religions and the contemporary social environment. Speaking of a rationale for choosing this category, one might note that the concept of salvation should be named among the central ones in every religion. Indeed, even those that reject this concept make this rejection a significant statement. In addition to that, many religions put emphasis on the afterlife of a person and salvation is largely see as an effective way to ensure that a person will not suffer after death. Furthermore, it would not be a mistake to suggest that the idea of salvation is able to reflect the deep beliefs of a particular spiritual system showing which areas are highlighted by it and regarded as the most important ones for the well being of one’s soul. According to the teaching of Islam, the way to save one’s soul is the submission to God (Royster, 2014, p. 242). This concept is central to the entire religion and is enshrined in many practiced that are carried out on a daily basis. Another point that should be mentioned is that the two rivaling branches agree that submission is the only effective way that will bring a person closer to God (Seligman, 1989, p. 118). Some mind suggest that submission is achieved very easily and there is not difficult in it; what these people tend to forget is that the idea in question is much deeper than it seems. In other words, for Islam different aspects of salvation are grounded on the concept of submission (White, 2013, p. 56). I might turn to a careful examination of the significant of the above mentioned category across the religions that were studied in the course. Thus, it is obvious that the call for submission is somewhat similar to the Christian call for accepting Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. Though it may be

Does ultilitarianism clash with John Stuart Mill's theory of liberty Essay

Does ultilitarianism clash with John Stuart Mill's theory of liberty - Essay Example democracy, skepticism and tradition (this he does at the same time), and liberty but each must avoid dogmatic thinking while operating, and the rights of the individual are sacrosanct. His extraordinary thoughts are difficult to understand, but if grasped as for their correct import, they must provide lots of valuable input for the practicing politicians of the day, as well as to evaluate the works of the thinkers, past and present! It is difficult job for an ordinary reader to try to understand whether his utilitarianism clashes with the theory of liberty; for the intelligent also, it is a tough exercise. Whereas he focuses on the individual and extols freedom, he dubs majority humanity as mediocre. Why the defender of freedom entertains such contradictory ideas? Critics, therefore, dub Mill as one of the most egotistical and arrogant philosophers. J. S. Mill was an English philosopher and economist. He wrote Utilitarianism in 1861. This essay propounds a moral and legal theory, with roots in classical philosophy. Its argument is straightforward. â€Å"Morality consists in bringing about the best state of affairs, and that the best state of affairs is the state with the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism continues to be an important theory in modern philosophy.† (Spark Notes†¦) Mill had problems later with his own aversions to say that utilitarianism was too unemotional and that it failed to capture or understand the higher pleasures. His struggle to reconcile Utilitarianism is evident in his later writings but he did not reject utilitarianism as a moral theory. He continued to uphold a more complex version of utilitarianism. Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness."(Spark Notes) Happiness according to Mill is pleasure and the absence of pain. Having said this, he

Child Labor is a form of abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Labor is a form of abuse - Essay Example o hazardous circumstances, prevents them from furthering their intellectual growth, and burdens them with responsibilities which are supposed to be undertaken by their parents. Child labor is a form of abuse as it exposes an individual into hazardous circumstances where his or her health and even entire life is at stake. Whenever we hear of child labor, what comes to mind is a picture is a thin and dirty child working long-hours in the factory. However, it has been found out that the agriculture sector employs the highest percentage of children who actively participates in activities like weeding, plowing, and taking care of farm animals. Both work places, whether in the manufacturing or agricultural industry, threaten the physical condition of the employed child. In a research conducted by Ashagrie in 1997, 9% of children in the manufacturing sector reports injury due to their lack of capacity in operating equipments. In the same study, the agricultural sector records a higher 12%. Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005: 208) identifies the hazards in agricultural work: â€Å"Agriculture can be hazardous to for children because of exposure to dangerous chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides, exposure to heat or weather, repetitive work injuries and threats posed by animals, reptiles, insects, parasites and some plants.† Child labor hampers children from furthering their intellectual growth by robbing them of time spend inside the classrooms to be educated. Childhood is a very significant period in the intellectual development in an individual. However, being tied in different chores hinders children from getting proper schooling. Even if it is argued that child labor equips children with some skills, empirical evidences emphasize that it significantly robs children the opportunity to be educated. Children who spend more time in work activities have less time to spare to attend their classes. Furthermore, â€Å"time spent working takes away from study, play, and sleep and

Creative Story: If At First You Dont Succeed :: essays research papers

Creative Story: If At First You Don't Succeed "Eureka!" Sam excitedly exclaimed. "I've done it! I'm set for life and my happiness is assured. With this new invention I'll be honored for my brilliance, and I might even win the nobel prize!" he chirped ecstatically. Sam was a chicken, the great great great grandson of the Not-So-Great Chixken Little, who, in case the reader is ignorant, was the chick who thought the sky was falling and got everyone eaten by a crafty old fox [SIC]. Sam was a well built chicken, quite muscular in fact, and extremely inventive, but, unfortunately, he had no brains when it came to reality. His motto was: " If at first you don't succeed, try, try again," and he would never give up even if there was no way he could win. To this very day he still has an annual football game against a childhood friend, Bono, who is a prize winning, full grown bull. (In case the reader hasn't discovered it, after every game, Sam has a visit to the hospital where he is an infamous character, continually joked about by the nurses and doctors who work there.) *** "You may see Mr. Monty now, sir," the secretary informed Sam. He nervously eyed the door in front of him. The big, bold lettering stated: MR. JP MONTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT Doubts about his ability to make a good impression entered his mind, but Sam immediatly gathered himself together, glanced back at the sheep secretary, and entered the room. THe stately pig sat behind a magnificently carved oak desk in the most luxurious office Sam had ever seen. A plush oriental rug covered the floor from wall to wall, and paintings, pictures, and diplomas adorned the brightly colored walls. Extremely expensive ornaments were conspicuously displayed, spreading a DO-Not-Touch atmosphere around the room. But the room was nothing compared to the pig lounged in the sleek, black, leather chair. He was not fat, he was immense, he had one of those stomachs that literally hung over his waistband. His four chins wiggled like Jell-O as he turned his chubby head to face Sam. "Yeees," Mr. JP Monty stated suggestively. " Sir, this is your lucky day! I am the esteemed architect of the greatest invention of all time, and I have picked you, to invest in it. This will certainly earn you enormous profits ince the public gets ahold of my wonderful creation. What do you say sir? Are you with me or not? I know that if you decide to endorse my idea, then you will be greatly rewarded in the future,

Cultural Sensitivity in Counseling Native Americans

Three of the most popular techniques in use by the counseling profession were examined in relationship to Native American culture and worldview, in order to determine the reasons for their ineffectiveness among these people groups. The results indicate that a lack of understanding and sensitivity to Native American culture and belief systems by counselors may be the major contributing factors in the failure of these methods to produce lasting change. Three alternative methods were then investigated. Together, these examinations show that cultural sensitivity and an in-depth understanding of belief systems and practices are critical in helping Native Americans heal from historical traumas and affect real transformation within the Native American community. Cultural Sensitivity in Counseling: A Perspective on Native Americans Why is it that many Native Americans fail to benefit from counseling? Why is there such an enormous â€Å"burn-out† rate among counselors who work with this people group? These questions are becoming increasingly more important in the counseling profession. There have been many studies on competencies and practices in multicultural counseling. One such study although dealing primarily with career counseling (Vespia, Fitzpatrick, Fouad, Kantamneni, & Chen, 2010), reinforced the necessity for training in developing a counselor’s competency with diverse cultures. Another study which dealt specifically with psychotherapy (Lambert, Smart, Campbell, Hawkins, Harmon, & Slade, 2006), echoes this sentiment. However, the cause of ineffectiveness may not necessarily be the incompetence of counselors, but their tendency to use inappropriate methods which fail to consider the unique cultural heritage of Native Americans. These culturally-insensitive methods can sometimes compel clients to violate basic personal values. For example, Native Americans place great emphasis on a harmonious co-existence with nature. If a counselor advocates individual responsibility for mastering the environment, he is, in fact, asking his Native American client to disregard a part of his client’s cultural belief system. Take the case of Robert Red Elk (not his real name), a White Mountain Apache, hired at a manufacturing plant in Phoenix, Arizona. Robert’s supervisor witnessed many instances where Robert’s fellow employees asked to share his lunch or complete their work assignments. Robert never refused and willingly overworked himself (to the point of exhaustion) finishing the tasks of others. Eventually, after several absences from work, Robert was referred to counseling by his supervisor. The counselor, after an initial assessment, enrolled Robert in assertiveness training. The counselor, however, failed to understand one very important aspect of Robert Red Elk’s value system: Native Americans are not individualistic. Their culture places great value on sharing and service. There are over 500 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States. Each tribe has its own beliefs, customs and traditions. Many Native Americans have left the reservation and know very little of their tribal culture, having assimilated into White society. There are, however, many common threads running through Native American culture and philosophy, which if misunderstood can open a breach between counselor and client that can be difficult to heal. For the purposes of this paper, we will be dealing primarily with Native Americans raised and residing within traditional Indian reservation communities. These individuals have retained much of their cultural identity, as opposed to those who have moved into the cities and have become westernized into the White culture. Nearly every tribe has wide-spread personal and social issues which are threatening lives and creating broken homes and broken people. Compared with other racial and ethnic groups, Native Americans have more serious problems with mental health disorders (Olson & Wahab, 2006, p. 19-33). For example, on the Pine Ridge Reservation of the Lakota Sioux, over 50% live below the poverty level. In 2007, the suicide rate there was 3. 2 times that of Whites, between 50% and 90% were unemployed, and the death rate due o alcoholism was 7 times the national average (Diller, 2007). Counselors employ many methods in an attempt to help Native American clients heal from brokenness. This investigation will examine three popular techniques: Free association, cognitive therapy, and behavior modification. In addition, we will discuss why these methods are failing with many Native American clients. First, however, there is a need to explore the average Native American value system. The Native American Value System Silence and Talking. Native Americans believe that listening is the best way to learn. They understand that there are many â€Å"voices† to hear, not merely from other people, but from the earth, the wind, the sky, and the animal kingdom. They listen not only with their physical ears, but with their whole being in an attitude of â€Å"watch, listen and then act† (Nerburn, 2002). They believe it unwise to speak before completely formulating one’s thoughts. They understand the power of words, and so they speak carefully, choosing words judiciously. In most non-native cultures, interaction with others must be filled with words and speaking that can sometimes become argumentative. Just the opposite is true in most Native American cultures. When asked a question, there will normally be a pause before answering, because any question worthy of an answer is worth considering. When they finally do speak, it is expected that the hearer will listen. Interrupting is considered rude and a sign of ignorance. This practice of silence has a tendency to disconcert someone who is unfamiliar with it, and historically, Caucasians have viewed it as a sign of stupidity. Freedom and Honor Native American cultures value honor far above freedom. Honor is the internal guide for nearly everything they do. The focus is more on what is right, rather than what is wrong. This is one reason why Native Americans have a difficult time understanding the concept of sin. In addition, honor is something that cannot be taken away. If one loses his freedom, he still retains his honor. These views of freedom and honor are very different from those held by western peoples. In the White world, honor means paying homage to or admiring an individual’s accomplishments. To the Native American, honor means knowing and doing what is right for oneself and for one’s community. It has no relation to laws or the desire to avoid punishment. Freedom only becomes important after one has been â€Å"chained up,† either literally or by the enactment of laws and restrictions (Nerburn, 2002). All My Relations and Racism According to the New Lakota Dictionary, â€Å"Mitakuye oyasin† translates to â€Å"all my relatives† in Lakota Sioux (Ullrich, 2008, p. 37). The concept of all my relations constitutes an understanding of and honor for the sacredness of each person's individual spiritual path. It acknowledges the sacredness of all life (human, animal, plant, etc. ) and creates an awareness that strengthens not only the individual, but the entire planet. It essentially means that everything is inter-related. In the living of daily life, a ll my relations â€Å"means learning how to connect with certain constructive or creative forces, and disconnect from destructive forces† (Portman & Garrett, 2006). It’s the understanding that whatever hurts one aspect of the world hurts everything else. Rolling Thunder, the late spiritual leader of the Cherokee and Shoshone tribes, said, â€Å"Too many people don't know that when they harm the earth they harm themselves, nor do they realize that when they harm themselves they harm the earth†¦We say there's room for everyone, if we all share as brothers and sisters† (â€Å"Plowboy Interview,† 1981). This belief in the brotherhood of the human race is one reason why Native Americans abhor racism. Another reason is their suffering because of it. From the 1490's to the 1890's, Europeans and white Americans engaged in an unbroken string of genocide campaigns against the Native people of the Americas† (BigFoot & Willmon-Hague, 2008, p. 54). A study on multi-faith perspectives in family therapy made note of the following historical treatment of Native Americans: â€Å"In government and missionary programs to educate an d acculturate Indians in Christianity and Western ways, children were forcibly taken from their families to boarding schools and stripped of their cultural and spiritual heritage† (Walsh, 2010, p. 3). Consequently, Native Americans view racism as evil and most avoid retaliation, because they believe it creates a loss of honor. However, many American Indians still retain an inherent mistrust of Whites (Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2006, p. 16). In a study on reservation violence, it was noted that traditionally one important factor regarding Native American philosophy was â€Å"humility to those with whom one does not share beliefs; and teaching nonviolent behaviors† (Hukill, 2006, p. 249). A reintegration with traditional beliefs and practices could help stem the violence on reservations. Concept of Time Native people are not enslaved by a clock or calendar. Their concept of time is related more to the seasons, nature, relationships, and life spans. Time is a cycle as, in the sacred hoop. Time is not measured in linear fashion, having a past, present and future. Living each day as it comes is linked to the belief that one should focus more on being than becoming. This concept of time can explain why Native Americans might be late for counseling appointments by the hour or by days. Adherence to a rigid schedule is not traditionally an Indian practice. Things are done as they need doing. Time is flexible and geared to the activity at hand. Some other examples of this concept of time are: * A right time and a right place, as opposed to making every minute count. * Today is a good day, as opposed to preparing for tomorrow. Other concepts that affect how Native Americans react to traditional counseling methods include striving for anonymity, discouraging aggressiveness (such as boasting and loud behavior), the value of inaction over action, and the use of tribal healing ceremonies. Understanding Native American healing practices requires helping professionals to have knowledge of the cultural belief systems that are unique for each tribal nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Portman & Garrett, 2006, p. 455). Culturally Insensitive Counseling Methods Counseling methods that fail to consider culturally-relevant issues are realizing few successes with native peoples. Three of the most prominent techniques fail to take into account the Native Americanâ €™s holistic belief system and attempt to merely change behavior by changing one’s thinking. Free Association. Free association is a spontaneous, logically unconstrained and undirected association of ideas, emotions and feelings in which words or images suggest other words or images in a non-logical chain reaction. The basic concept is for the client to sort things out, and assign reasons to their feelings, with the intention of changing unhealthy ideas and emotions into a more acceptable way of living. Native American clients typically shy away from participating in this type of activity, because they see it as senseless babbling that accomplishes little and makes a person appear to have lost their mind. They much prefer being silent and listening to talking and babbling themselves into a reasonable state of mind. In addition, they are very cautious about sharing personal and family problems, and have difficulty communicating their reactions to situations. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy aims to identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that lead to feelings and behavior that are troublesome, self-defeating or self-destructive. The objective is to replace distorted thinking with a balanced view that leads to more fulfilling and productive behavior. Due to the epidemic of depression, alcoholism and suicide among Native Americans, this is an admirable objective for counselors to attempt to achieve. However, for a people, who are holistically-minded, cognitive therapy considers only one facet of the whole person, and ignores the connection humans have with nature and the world. This approach disavows the unity of the person, a central core belief in Native American culture. To separate the mind from the body and spirit, and with the rest of creation, is an illogical and foreign concept to them. In addition, most Native Americans are pragmatic and tend to see life in concrete terms rather than abstract ones. Therefore, â€Å"counselors may consider working from a holistic, wellness-based framework,† so that harmony and balance can be restored (Rayle, Chee, & Sand, 2006, p. 72). Behavior Modification This approach is a treatment approach based on operant conditioning that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by positive or negative reinforcement. As with cognitive therapy, behavior modification focuses entirely on one facet of the whole person. Native Americans are very resistant to this approach, because they do not always focus on their thinking. Historically, they have been exposed to the inconsistency of people thinking one way and behaving another way. According to Native American culture, behavior reflects belief. Attempting to change behavior from the outside and failing to deal with internal issues is viewed as a waste of energy and considered unproductive. Typically, Native Americans respond better to holistic methods that involve the whole person: body, mind and spirit. Culturally insensitive approaches to counseling can actually introduce a sense of mistrust into relationships between native clients and non-native counselors derailing attempts to help them overcome the issues that defeat them. This is one reason why Native Americans â€Å"underutilize mainstream mental health resources† (Parrish, 2006, p. 15). Culturally Supportive Approaches to Counseling As understanding and knowledge of cultural beliefs and practices grows, holistic approaches to counseling are becoming more prevalent in clinics and practices in which the majority of clients are Native American. There are several methods which are showing great promise in helping these clients. Inner Healing Prayer Because Native American culture is infused with the spiritual and encompasses a holistic view of the body, soul and spirit, the concept of listening, which is the foundation of this method, lends itself to a more culturally-relevant way of approaching the mental and emotional issues found among indigenous peoples. Native cultures are already accustomed to listening because of their practice of being attentive to the sounds of nature and the practices of oral traditions passed down through the stories of tribal elders. They understand that listening is one of the best ways to learn. The inner healing prayer can offer Native Americans a way to re-establish harmony with their body, their emotions, and their spiritual selves (Rayle, Chee & Sand, 2006, p. 77), since it begins with addressing one’s emotional hurts. â€Å"It is counselor-led and client-consented prayer intervention with the specific intent of healing and breaking the chains of past traumas† (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 240). When woundedness goes unresolved, it affects the whole person creating disharmony within the body, soul and spirit. Native American culture already understands this concept. The typical scenario is to give the client permission to experience what they feel, and allow their inner emotions to express themselves in a controlled, safe environment. Encouraging them to remember those painful places and the trauma that occurred there helps bring emotions to the surface where they can be explored, felt, owned, and released from the captured place within the spirit. Once accomplished, the counselor can then ask the Lord Jesus [Great Mystery] to minister His love and grace, revealing truth in whatever manner He chooses. The counselor then remains silent, encouraging the client to verbally express whatever is transpiring within them and articulate whatever truth the Lord is revealing to them. The counselor’s role is to discern whether the client is receiving truth from the Lord (according to the revealed Word of God) or error manifested from within themselves, which would constitute feelings and/or thoughts that run contrary to scripture. Once it is determined that authentic truth has been received, the counselor then asks the client what is now different about that traumatic event when they reconsider it. At this point, an entirely different perspective is usually revealed by the client. It is important when using this method, as it is with any technique, to â€Å"weave Western counseling techniques with elements of the AI [American Indian] culture, beliefs, and philosophy† (Rayle, Chee & Sand, 2006, p. 73-74) [emphasis mine]. It is well to remember, however, that many Native Americans do not believe in the â€Å"white man’s God. It is important, therefore, to use terms for deity that are culturally relevant, such as Great Mystery, Great Spirit, etc. This approach has shown great potential in overcoming issues such as depression and addiction. Spiritual Talking Talking circles, storytelling and remembering/reflecting on life is very common in Native American culture. Many indigenous children receive th eir first life lessons sitting at the feet of their elders as grandmothers and grandfathers recount tribal stories that teach the traditions of the tribe (Rybak & Decker-Fitts, 2009, p. 337). Since native people relate more to â€Å"the now,† it is very therapeutic to recall and embrace the good things in one’s present situation. Talking aloud about pleasant experiences helps clients see the good in their present circumstances and allows their spirit to â€Å"be as one† with their body-mind uniting them with the world at large. This enables them to see the big picture and brings everything into a healthy perspective. The role of the counselor in this technique is to facilitate the talking and keep the client on track, while providing a safe environment for them. Another form that spiritual talking may take is in the use of humor. Native cultures inherently understand the old cliche: Laughter is the best medicine. Encouraging clients to share comical stories and experiences can provide insight into the client’s identity and self-image. However, counselors should exercise caution in using humor. It should only be introduced â€Å"when and if the client invites it, meaning that the client trusts the counselor enough to connect on that level† (Garrett, et al. , 2005, p. 202). The Holistic Medicine Wheel or Red Path One of the most effective healing techniques and one which incorporates extensively the Native American culture is the Medicine Wheel, sometimes called the Red Path or Red Road. The Medicine Wheel is a symbol of Native America in which four colors (white, black, yellow and red) are used to represent the four directions and the four races of people (Caucasian, African, Asian and Indian), respectively. This symbol also represents the harmony and balance of the mind, body and spirit with nature. The Medicine Wheel is regarded as sacred among Native Americans, since â€Å"medicine† is a spiritual entity within their culture. The Medicine Wheel is recognized by all tribes and is a common symbol of unity. It represents healing, not only for oneself, but for the entire native community. This technique, when employed in the counseling setting, includes not only the counselor and client, but also family and friends. It can also be a good tool for use in group counseling where all participants share in a common issue. The facilitator/counselor invites all present to form a circle. The concept of the four directions and their meanings is then discussed. A good representation is: * East represents the rising sun and the spirit or inner being of man (red). * South is connected to full daylight and represents a connection with nature (yellow). * North is the home of winter and represents the mind or thoughts (white). * West is where the sun sets and is connected with the body or physical being (black). (Molina, Monteiro-Leitner, Garrett & Gladding, 2005, p. 9). The counselor then explains the concept of circles within circles. Dallas Williard’s Model of the Person is an excellent starting pattern for this concept (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 190). Molina, et al. explain this technique well: An inner circle represents the connection to one’s Spirit and to the Greater Spirit; an outer circle represents the importance of relationships with family members; and a community circle represents the importance of relationships with the greater community. At this point, volunteers sit behind each person in the inner circle, forming an outer circle. Finally, the remaining participants form a third circle, which lends support to the inner and outer circles. Throughout the process, life stories emerge. Counselors identify client strengths and validate their experiences, and participants offer support to one another and create â€Å"happy† endings to their stories (p. 9). This method helps clients see â€Å"how they create and remove the masks of the self† (Molina, Monteiro-Leitner, Garrett & Gladding, 2005, p. 9). The removal of masks allows the client to be open with their true feelings and to see their issues from a different perspective. A doctoral dissertation by Mark Parrish (2008) offers another well-described view of the Circle Within Circles Approach: The elements of the circle within circles includes: (1) the spirit within us including the culmination of each individual’s experiences representing the power that comes from the very essence of one’s being; (2) the family and/or clan, the relational center of the community; (3) the natural environment and all of its relationships with living beings; and (4) the spirit world which includes the other elements as well as the Creator, ancestors and other spirit helpers and guides. In essence, all life is interdependent and exists in a dynamic state of harmony and balance which maintains a continuous flow and cycling of energy which each living being contributes to the Circle of Life (p. 16). The Medicine Wheel and the Circle Within Circles â€Å"serves as a reminder that all aspects of life are important and need to be balanced† (Rybak & Decker-Fitts, 2009, p. 336). Although most individuals will still require more intensive therapy, the Medicine Wheel is a good starting point to help clients remember that they are not an island, but are connected to other individuals and to the world as a whole. Personal Reflections Understanding Native American culture, and learning their views life has caused me to reconsider my own lifestyle and my Caucasian worldview. As westerners, we are an inherently individualistic society, whereas Native Americans are more collective. The mindset and complex belief systems of indigenous people are more similar to God’s original plan for mankind than that which White society has developed. Jesus prayed to the Father for unity: that His followers would â€Å"be one, as we are. (John 17:11b, KJV). Native American culture appears to mirror His prayer more than that of Caucasians. Native Americans are more in tune with their spiritual natures than we, and were the original holistic healers. They understand the concept of man’s triune nature as set forth in 1 Thessalonians 5:23: â€Å"And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Ch rist† [emphasis mine]. This concept has been a vital part of their culture for hundreds of years, whereas we are just now (within the past decade) becoming more sensitive to a holistic approach in counseling and medicine. It is very interesting that as one learns the culture and values of Native Americans, one begins to see that there are many aspects that reflect basic biblical principles. Western counseling methods, which have been imposed upon the Native Americans for many years, are very foreign to a people who already understand an important truth of God’s Word. It makes much better sense to first understand their culture and beliefs and then adapt our methods and techniques accordingly, in order to be more effective facilitators in the healing process. Not only will these historically-wounded people be set free with true inner healing, but at the same time many may come into a full knowledge of and a relationship with the true Lord Jesus Christ. Jesus healed the blind man of his physical ailments before healing him of his spiritual malady. Therefore, if we connect with Native Americans through their ways of life, love them in Christ, and keep the Holy Spirit as the center of our ministry to them, many of these forgotten people can enjoy a fullness of life that only comes through the healing power of Christ. As a Christian counselor, I will be committed to providing the Native American people with a biblically-sound, culturally-relevant approach to helping them heal the issues from which they suffer, both historically and personally. As I become more knowledgeable in their beliefs, traditions and worldview, I can foresee a time when what I am learning now will blend with that insight to produce techniques which will enable me to be a more effective counselor to the people to whom God has called me to minister. Conclusion To be effective counselors within the Native American community, it is not enough that we increase our knowledge of psychology and our skills in counseling. We need to immerse ourselves in the cultural issues pertinent to each individual client and the community which has shaped them. This comes by understanding belief systems and cultural contexts, and determining what methods can and cannot work based upon these parameters. Native American culture is centered on certain holistic viewpoints: the wholeness of the individual (body, mind and spirit), the individual’s interconnectedness with creation, and the relationship all people have with one another. Counseling such a people involves understanding and respecting values, beliefs and traditions, and tailoring our methods and techniques around restoring harmony and balance in ways which do not demand or manipulate Native Americans into ceasing to be Native American. One very good exercise for assisting in the development of counselor competency in this area is cultural auditing, which is a â€Å"systematic and practical reflective method designed to address critical elements of the multicultural competency development process† (Collins, Arthur & Wong-Wylie, 2010, p. 340-346). The 13 steps of this process lead counselors through the first to last counseling sessions by helping them reflect on key issues of culture that can help them develop competent strategies and monitor their practices â€Å"to ensure that the goals and processes of counseling are consistent with clients’ perspectives and needs† (Collins, Arthur & Wong-Wylie, 2010, p. 341). In order for greater effectiveness to be realized in counseling Native Americans (and indeed people of all cultures), mental health professionals and researchers must understand that all methods do not work with all people. Milton Erickson, one of psychotherapy’s most respected figures, who was of Native American descent, understood this very well (Thomason, 2009, p. 351). A 40-year study of multicultural counseling, completed in 2008 by Michael D’Andrea and Elizabeth Foster Heckman, discovered many inconsistencies and out-dated methods being utilized with clients of diverse cultures, and called for researchers to â€Å"expand their outcome studies to examine the impact of other types of helping services among culturally different populations† (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008, p. 62). Their final statement summarizes beautifully what is needed for effective, long-term resolution for Native Americans: We suggest that the multicultural counseling movement is a movement of faith and hope: faith in counselors’ ability to generate new understanding of mental health from a multicultural perspective and hope that future counseling and research endeavors will be implemented to more e ffectively promote human dignity and development through people’s collective diversity (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008, p. 362). The increase of diverse of cultures within the United States makes it imperative (a) â€Å"that therapists have the skills to work with a variety of clients from a multitude of social backgrounds (Murphy, Park & Lonsdale, 2006, p. 310); and (b) â€Å"for the counseling profession to take a proactive stance on cultural diversity† (Phiri-Alleman & Allman, 2010, p. 157). Culturally competent counseling has been addressed by the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (ACA) and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Both of these groups stress the importance of social and cultural diversity in training programs for counselors, and emphasize the need for culturally-relevant treatment planning, especially when working with Native Americans (Parrish, 2008, p. 17). The competency of multicultural counselors can best be developed by encouraging them to become knowledgeable in the beliefs, traditions and worldview of various cultures and utilize that knowledge to tailor their counseling techniques in ways that will boost the effectiveness of their practice.

The Spanish Armada Of King Philip II - 1413 Words

In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent a fleet of one hundred and thirty ships to her majesty Elizabeth I’s England to ultimately eradicate Protestantism. His country, Spain, was fully Catholic, so being Protestant would have been considered an act of high treason. Already provoked by England’s their religious intent, he was pushed over the edge when they started pirating ships from the Spanish Netherlands (currently the Netherlands, formerly ruled by Spain) for goods. He sent over a mighty fleet commanded by Admiral Marquis of Santa Cruz and the Duke of Medina Sidonia to regain control of the North Sea and exterminate Protestantism. Despite being vastly outnumbered, due to ingenuity, skill, and luck, the English forces were able to†¦show more content†¦Galleons were the Spanish superpowers having three masts and heavy artillery onboard. Galleys were a bit smaller but mainly used to ram other ships with their pointy beaks. They were the fastest ships the S panish navy owned. During this building of the Armada, Lastly, there were the merchant vessels. These were like the militia in the Revolutionary War; weak and small, but highly necessary. While this armada was being built, Philip II decided to have his infantry set base in Flanders, Belgium. This army consisted of about thirty two thousand men commanded by the Duke of Parma, matchless in skill. Their mission was to wait until the Armada got close to London and then help lay siege by joining forces with the Armada. The English, on the other hand, were superior at more a more modern naval warfare style utilizing guns and artillery contrary to boarding enemy ships. Thankfully for the British, their coastal beacons informed them about the Armada soon after Spain decided to construct their own fleet. The English fleet consisted of only thirty four â€Å"race-built† warships and one hundred sixty three merchant vessels. These warships were much faster than any ships the Sp anish had, but also highly vulnerable to cannonfire. The English sailors were greatly more skillful than the Spaniards, though, so they were able to rely on ability rather than size. Charles Howard, Second Baron Howard of Effingham was nominated to command these English Forces. He wasShow MoreRelatedKing Philip II Of Spain1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthat King Philip II of Spain was a great King and the idea of The Spanish Armada was a good idea that he had come up with. The Spanish Armada is about a boat that set sail in July 1588 by the Spanish, and it was ordered by the catholic King Philip II of Spain to invade England and take down the protestant Queen Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth I, was catholic but then became protestant. 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